We argue that a combined effect of complex rupture dynamics and topography primarily control this previously rarely documented landslide pattern. conducted seismic fault inversions and moment-balance, calculations. [278][279], By the beginning of the year only a small part—$215 million—of the total funds collected for aid had been spent on permanent housing, with most of it—$1.2 billion—going for short-term solutions including tent camps, temporary shelters, and cash grants that paid a year's rent. [231] Both the provincial government of Quebec and the Canadian federal government reaffirmed their commitment to rebuilding Haiti at the 2010 Francophonie Summit; Prime Minister Harper used his opening speech to "tell the head of the Haitian delegation to keep up their spirits" and to urge other nations to continue to support recovery efforts. [57], Roads were blocked with road debris or the surfaces broken. Interferometric data processing identified an elongated area of postseismic subsidence at the northeastern extent of the Leogane delta. future analyses of other transpressional tectonic regimes worldwide. Each component is characterized by a large uncertainty, which can be classified as aleatory or epistemic. Along the EPGFZ, we found left-lateral stream offsets that range up to 160 m, indicating repeated left-lateral surface rupture in the Quaternary. There it caused flooding and 29 deaths according to local reporting. We also apply a Laplacian smoothing operator to reduce the. According to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention it is considered the worst epidemic of cholera since the 1994 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (called Zaire at that time). The unreleased report, which compiled its figures from a door-to-door survey, was done by a Washington consulting firm, LTL Strategies. [263] Amnesty International reported that armed men were preying with impunity on girls and women in displacement camps, worsening the trauma of victims who have lost homes, livelihoods and loved ones. [109], While the vast majority of casualties were Haitian civilians, the dead included aid workers, embassy staff, foreign tourists—and a number of public figures, including Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Monsignor Joseph Serge Miot,[15] aid worker Zilda Arns and officials in the Haitian government, including opposition leader Michel "Micha" Gaillard. [254], In September 2010 there were over one million refugees still living in tents, and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase, according to the Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti, Archbishop Bernard Auza. Strong sh… All content in this area was uploaded by Kenneth W. Hudnut, oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault z, Here, we combine seismological observations, geologic field data and space g, rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. [9] GMT allows users to manipulate (x,y) and (x,y,z) data, and generate PostScript illustrations, including simple x-y diagrams, contour maps, color images, and artificially illuminated, perspective, and/or shaded-relief plots using a variety of map projections (see Wessel and Smith [1991] and Wessel and Smith [1995], for details.). [121] The Dominican Red Cross coordinated early medical relief in conjunction with the International Red Cross. confirm that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault remains a significant Although the earthquake was first assumed to have occurred on the Enriquillo fault, several independent studies later showed that it actually ruptured a previously unmapped fault -the Léogâne fault -with a source mechanism combining strike-slip and reverse faulting (Calais et al., 2010; ... We tested a uniform slip of 1 m using the NEIC fault geometry and rupture mechanism, as in Fritz et al. from 1.3 to 3.3m that we associate with one of the eighteenth century be the source of the 12 January 2010, Mw7.0 earthquake. [69][101] Lt. Gen. P.K. [258][283] As of March 2017, around 7% of Haiti's population (around 800,665 people) have been affected with cholera, and 9,480 Haitians have died. [42], On 20 January, at 06:03 local time (11:03 UTC), the strongest aftershock since the earthquake,[43] measuring magnitude 5.9 Mw, struck Haiti. Here, the EPGFZ has an average strike of 085 degrees and a near-surface dip of 60-80 degrees south, which contrasts with the 50 degree north-dipping modeled fault for the 12 January earthquake. "[265] The Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, led by former US President Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, had been set up to facilitate the flow of funds toward reconstruction projects in April 2010, but as of January 2011, no major reconstruction had started. [268] Watchdog groups have criticized the reconstruction process saying that part of the problem is that charities spent a considerable amount of money on "soaring rents, board members' needs, overpriced supplies and imported personnel," the Miami Herald reported. Joel Boutroue, a Haitian government advisor, said that this number would cover "100 percent of the urban area", and observed that it would mean the Red Cross had served every city in Haiti. [81] A representative of Catholic Relief Services has estimated that about two million Haitians lived as squatters on land they did not own. The Dutch radio channels 3FM, Radio 538 and Radio Veronica all broadcast under the name of Radio555, funded by a contribution of €80 million. Our findings caution against overly relying on across-the-board models of slope stability response to seismic ground shaking. The limited resolution, of our analysis prevents us from determining whether the EPGF, or, an unmapped, subparallel and blind fault or series of faults, is the, A puzzling geologic aspect of the 2010 Léogâne earthquake, trending, apparent tectonic fracturing and warping near Port, Royal that has normal-slip offsets up to 15 cm but no lateral, January; however, the feature does not clearly align with breaks in, the InSAR interferogram fringes, nor is the normal sense of motion, clearly represented in the seismologic source or aftershock moment, tensors. However, observations of run-up heights up to 2 m along the southern coast of the island at distances up to 100 km from the epicenter, as well as tide gauge and DART buoy records at distances up to 600 km from the epicenter, have not yet received an explanation. Am., v. 72, p. 491-506. J Seismology, DOI 10.1007/s10950-009-9183-x (http://www.springerlink.com/content/xp524g2225628773/) [3] -King, G. C. P., Stein, R. S. y Lin, J, 1994, Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. This paper is Caltech Tectonic Observatory contribution 138. The principal rupture, on the NW-dipping Beichuan fault, displays nearly equal amounts of thrust and right-lateral slip. Port-au-Prince's morgues were overwhelmed with tens of thousands of bodies. The broad uplift bulge north of the EPGF (Fig. 2010 Haiti earthquake, large-scale earthquake that occurred January 12, 2010, on the West Indian island of Hispaniola, comprising the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. [238] After the earthquake, thousands of Port-au-Prince residents began returning to the rural towns they came from. [186] Although US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had previously ruled out dropping food and water by air as too dangerous, by 16 January, US helicopters were distributing aid by drops to areas impossible to reach by land. The 2010 Haiti earthquake: A complex fault pattern constrained ... on the size and geometry of a ruptured area and on the state ... 2010, rupture, or if it is only a recent deformation. [149] The Canadian government worked to expedite around 100 adoption cases that were already underway when the earthquake struck, issuing temporary permits and waiving regular processing fees; the federal government also announced that it would cover adopted children's healthcare costs upon their arrival in Canada until they could be covered under provincially administered public healthcare plans. We thank G. Choy for the first-motion focal mechanism. [clarification needed] More than 6% of Haitians have had the disease. The song was later chosen as Coca-Cola's promotional anthem for the 2010 FIFA World Cup hosted by South Africa. The Haitian government’s official count was more than 300,000, but other … 2010 LØogâne earthquake is considerably more complex than preliminary seismological analyses suggested. This change in fault style along the Abiz fault inferred from the seismograms is also seen in the coseismic surface ruptures and the geomorphology. The 12 January 2010 M w 7.0 Haiti earthquake occurred in a complex deformation zone at the boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Prime Minister Bellerive told delegates from 20 countries that Haiti would need "massive support" for its recovery from the international community. The 1997 surface ruptures followed clear traces of late Quaternary slip on the Abiz fault, and for its northern 50 km re-ruptured fault segments that had slipped in previous earthquakes of Ms 6.0-6.6 in 1936 and 1979. [166], The US military acknowledged the non-governmental organizations' complaints concerning flight-operations bias and promised improvement while noting that up to 17 January 600 emergency flights had landed and 50 were diverted; by the first weekend of disaster operations, diversions had been reduced to three on Saturday and two on Sunday. Numerous other claims did not hold up under investigation. Blue circles show the shallowest, within 25 kilometers of the surface. . [158] Over 3,000 people had been treated by Médecins Sans Frontières as of 18 January. Imaging Fault Slip Before, During, and After Earthquakes, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Deep submarine landslide contribution to the 2010 Haiti earthquake tsunami, Mysterious tsunami in the Caribbean Sea following the 2010 Haiti earthquake possibly generated by dynamically triggered early aftershocks, TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SIZE, DISTRIBUTION PATTERN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COSEISMIC LANDSLIDES IN DIFFERENT TECTONIC AND GEOMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTS, The AD1835 eruption at Robinson Crusoe Island discredited: Geological and historical evidence, A multiproxy analysis of extreme wave deposits in a tropical coastal lagoon in Jamaica, West Indies, Structural Controls on Aftershock Distribution in Subduction Zones, Improving disaster resilience through effective building code compliance, Crustal thickness and bulk Poisson ratios in the Dominican Republic from receiver function analysis, Exploring the impact of epistemic uncertainty on a regional probabilistic seismic risk assessment model, New, improved version of the Generic Mapping Tool released, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, Coseismic ruptures of the 12 May 2008, M s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan: East–west crustal shortening on oblique, parallel thrusts along the eastern edge of Tibet, Source Description of the 1999 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake, Part I: Wavelet Domain Inversion Theory and Resolution Analysis, Analysis of partially emerged corals and reef terraces in the central Vanuatu Arc: Comparison of contemporary coseismic and nonseismic with quaternary vertical movements, 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake as a prototype for southern California's most devastating earthquake, The 1997 May 10 Zirkuh (Qa'enat) earthquake (M(w) 7.2): Faulting along the Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran, Plate boundary readjustment in oblique convergence: Example of the Neogene of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles, Earthquake focal mechanisms, moment tensors, and the consistency of seismic activity near plate boundaries, The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and its effects: introduction to the special issue, Source rupture process of the 12 January 2010 Port-au-Prince (Haiti, Mw7.0) earthquake. January 12 Haiti main shock and aftershock sequence. The M7.0 2010 Haiti earthquake epicenter was located on land 27 km north of the Caribbean Sea and its focal mechanism was oblique strike-slip. Newly developed and very detailed 3D models of subducting plates (slabs) are combined with high-resolution topographic and bathymetric models of the crustal upper-plate and subducting lower-plate respectively to show how irregularities such as transform faults, spreading centers, fossil subduction zones and vertical tears form structural barriers to the spatial distribution of subduction zone aftershocks. All rights reserved. The 1997 earthquake ruptured the northern end of the N-S right-lateral strike-slip system of the Sistan suture zone, ending where it abuts a system of E-W left-lateral strike-slip faults which have also slipped in large earthquakes during the last 30 years. "[252], Haitian grassroots groups advocated for the government to fulfill the right to housing as designated in the Haitian constitution, and for donor governments to support this as well. The This modelled fault has a maximum slip of approximately, 2.2 m and mainly occurs at depths below 5, in the inversion helps explain the steep deformation gradient (tight, curvature and closely spaced InSAR fringes) near the EPGF, and, also helps reproduce the non-double couple component in the event, moment tensors (Supplementary Fig. line of zero uplift in Petit Goâve identified by field geologic studies. Countless dwellings were reduced to rubble, while hospitals, churches and schools collapsed and roads were blocked with debris. We present a new procedure for the determination of rupture complexity from a joint inversion of static and seismic data. But we have our limitations with respect to food and medicine. [clarification needed] While 20% lacked functioning toilets, this is higher than the population outside tent cities, where 50% lack toilets. All rights reserved. [227], In addition to Canada's federal government, the governments of several of the provinces and territories of Canada also announced that they would provide immediate emergency aid to Haiti. Initially, the devastating M_w 7.0, 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone. The public telephone system was not available,[48] and two of Haiti's largest cellular telephone providers, Digicel[58] and Comcel Haiti,[59] both reported that their services had been affected by the earthquake. [203] On 23 January the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors, and most search and rescue teams began to prepare to leave the country. In the central Vanuatu arc, living and recently deceased reef corals act as natural tide gauges which have allowed us to map vertical tectonic deformation patterns. The Ms 8.0, Wenchuan earthquake, which devastated the mountainous western rim of the Sichuan basin in central China, produced a surface rupture over 200 km-long with oblique thrust/dextral slip and maximum scarp heights of ~10 m. It thus ranks as one of the world's largest continental mega-thrust events in the last 150 yrs. We also introduce a new statistic, the seismic consistency Cs, which measures the similarity of earthquakes within a group. In 2010 and 2011, for example, donors disbursed just US$125 million of the US$311 million in grants allocated to agriculture projects, and only US$108 million of the US$315 million in grants allocated to health projects. Strong aftershocks hit the area within hours of the initial quake. As a result, a mobile translation program to translate between English and Haitian Creole had to be written quickly. Dash–dot lines link planes to cross-sectional projections of their slip distributions. In addition, the modeled fault dipped southward, whereas both the CMT solution and the interferometric syntheticaperture radar (InSAR) inversion (Hayes et al., 2010) suggested a north-dipping fault. The devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake ruptured only a relatively short segment (~50km) of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault (EPGF) a 600km long strike-slip fault running onland and offshore from Jamaica to Dominican Republic, with apparently no major surface rupture in the epicentral area. He went on to say that the number was rising instead of diminishing, and reported that the state had decided to first rebuild downtown Port-au-Prince and a new government center, but reconstruction had not yet begun. [228][229][230] On 18 January 2010, the province of Quebec, whose largest city – Montreal – houses the world's largest Haitian diaspora, pledged C$3 million in emergency aid. Using coral growth bands, we can determine the year coral surfaces died due to emergence. [196], Over the first weekend 130,000 food packets and 70,000 water containers were distributed to Haitians, as safe landing areas and distribution centers such as golf courses were secured. S11). The 1965 and 1973 events caused maximum uplifts of 120 and 60 cm, respectively, in the frontal arc. A 7,0 M magnitude earthquake hit the republic of Haiti on the 12th of January 2010, and a numerous amount of aftershocks have later followed. [236] They are Haitian students who were selected to continue their education in Senegal. [226] The government's commitment to provide C$550 million in aid and debt relief and Canadians' individual donations amount to a total of C$770 million. Soc. "A lot of good work was done; the money clearly didn't all get squandered," but, "A lot just wasn't responding to needs on the ground. Some were triggered by slope failures of river deltas in the close vicinity of the epicenter, while others, 30 to 50 km to the north across the Bay of Gonâve, are well explained by the reverse component of coseismic ground motion that accompanied this mostly strike-slip event. They also worked to push the international community to recognize the wave of evictions from camps that started as early as three months after the earthquake and to put protections in place, but little was done in response. [37][38], A 2007 earthquake hazard study by C. DeMets and M. Wiggins-Grandison noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concluded that a worst-case forecast would involve a 7.2 Mw earthquake, similar in size to the 1692 Jamaica earthquake. [179][180][181] They were joined by the French Navy vessel Francis Garnier on 16 January,[182] the same day the hospital ship USNS Comfort and guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill left for Haiti. limited shear strain across the broad EPGF system (Fig. The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths. [76] The clothing industry, which accounts for two-thirds of Haiti's exports,[77] reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities. The group, known as the New Life Children's Refuge, did not have proper authorization for transporting the children and were arrested on kidnapping charges. The destructive Zirkuh-e-Qa'enat earthquake of 1997 May 10 (Mw 7.2, Ms 7.3, mb 6.3) produced 125 km of NNW-SSE right-lateral strike-slip surface faulting on the Abiz fault in the Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran: the longest known surface rupture associated with an Iranian earthquake. [124] A 50-member Chinese team arrived early Thursday morning. [172][173], Based on US Air Force logs documenting activity at the airport, the Associated Press largely disproved the claim that the US held up aid in favor of military flights. To integrate the seismologic, geodetic and geologic observations, we develop a detailed rupture model based on a joint inversion, of InSAR, coral measurements and teleseismic body-wave data, (see Methods). [16][17] The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many, including the Mission's Chief, Hédi Annabi. Among those killed were Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Joseph Serge Miot,[15] and opposition leader Micha Gaillard. other seismologic, geologic and geodetic observations, suggests that 2b,d). Triangle diagrams provide a practical method for defining the fraction of normal, strike-slip, and thrust fault components for an earthquake and are a new graphical method for displaying source properties of groups of earthquakes. The cores contain evidence of multiple palaeo-washover deposits that are readily distinguished by their sedimentology, geochemistry and microfossil assemblages. Secondary shocks (aftershocks) hit … Despite occurring along a well-expressed major fault system, the, 2010 Léogâne earthquake is considerably more complex than, preliminary seismological analyses suggested. Earthquake finite-fault model inversions of the DART waveform suggest that a reverse fault doublet with magnitudes of M6.8 and M6.5 located 85 km southwest of the epicenter may have excited the tsunami. [114] As of January 2012, USAID has not released the report and states on its website that 1.5 million people were displaced, of which 550,000 remain without permanent shelter. earthquakes. ", "Two years on and Haiti's reconstruction proceeds at a 'snail's pace,' leaving half a million Haitians homeless – Oxfam America", "Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti » Blog Archive » Press Release: Two Years After The Earthquake, Where Did The Money Go? We report results of a receiver function study using teleseismic data recorded by these stations. seismic hazard. In an interview, Kenneth Merten, the United States Ambassador to Haiti, stated that the US justice system would not interfere and that "the Haitian justice system will do what it has to do. [6], Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by many aid organizations, the United Nations[116] and president René Préval. [56] Damage to the Port-au-Prince seaport[57] rendered the harbor unusable for immediate rescue operations; its container crane subsided severely at an angle because of weak foundations. [67][68] The Prison Civile de Port-au-Prince was also destroyed, allowing around 4,000 inmates to escape. We constrain the primary historical-washover deposit to 1810–1924 CE (2σ; 71% probability), a period characterised by extreme tectonic and meteorological events, which include the Great Kingston Earthquake of 1907 and a local episode of enhanced hurricane activity. Seismol. [27], The magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake occurred inland, on 12 January 2010 at 16:53 (UTC−05:00), approximately 25 km (16 mi) WSW from Port-au-Prince at a depth of 13 km (8.1 mi)[7] on blind thrust faults associated with the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system[28] and lasted less than 30 seconds. radar (PALSAR) interferograms, which isolate the vertical (Fig.